HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 47 no. 2 (2025)

Instructional Competence and Teaching Performance of Non-English Major Teachers towards the Proposed Action Plan

Lance Yuan Vergara | Erin Nadine Capalad | Jonel James Narito | Christine Redondo | Sweet Dominae Renon

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Teaching English is vital for developing communication skills; yet, it remains a challenge for teachers who do not specialize in the Language. This study assessed and explored the abilities of non-English major teachers in private secondary schools in proposing an action plan aligned with their improvement. Using a convergent parallel mixed-method design, both survey results and interview responses from the 17 participants were collected and analyzed separately, then merged to provide a comprehensive understanding. The quantitative data showed a 41.2% positive correlation, described as "very satisfactory," between teaching capability and the performance outcomes. The qualitative findings highlighted three key areas: the difficulties in language delivery, the value of peer collaboration, and the need for continuous professional growth. The integration of both data sets confirmed that enhancing teacher support and development can positively impact classroom effectiveness. Based on these findings, the proposed action plan includes the targeted training workshops to strengthen English instruction, peer mentoring programs to encourage collaborative learning, and regular classroom observation for ongoing feedback. This study recommends formal implementation of this plan in the private secondary schools to ensure the continuous support, improve teaching strategies, and foster sustained professional growth for non-English major teachers.



References:

  1. Arnett, J. (2018). Do specialized teaching roles help or hurt students? Christensen Institute https://www.christenseninstitute.org/blog/do-specialized-teaching-roles-help-or-hurt-students/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1OSI9cNmYTlmzznvaai2xQRwr3J4NK6KDUx59o74Jvdr5kQQ0JhzV0rKs_aem_9njX-OL7X2AsAEpfryZGTA 
  2. Arranz, A. S., & Azarias, R. A. (2024). Context of employing non-English language major teachers to teach English courses in high school: Implications for a policy note. E-Dawa.  https://edawa.ispsc.edu.ph/e-dawa-zuhh9789
  3. Barrot, J. S. (2018). English curriculum reform in the Philippines: Issues and challenges from a 21st-century learning perspective. ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328364448_English_Curriculum_Reform_in_the_Philippines_Issues_and_Challenges_from_a_21_st_Century_Learning_Perspective
  4. Bayani, R. T., & Guhao. (2017). Out-of-field teaching experiences of non-Filipino majors. Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/philippine-normal-university/values-education/out-of-field-teaching-experiences-of-non-filipino-majors/22804063?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0VhRYARA5drNfvIvrf8dNkCufILag_SIoZbnlpFKr4_BbpS4d_ZyjmYbs_aem_cpn1ydqqjVEq7bAso2gxIg  
  5. Bernal, H. J. L., & Mligalig, A. (2023). English language proficiency of science and mathematics teachers: A basis for English enhancement program. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371698783_English_Language_Proficiency_of_Science_and_Mathematics_Teachers_A_Basis_for_English_Enhancement_Program  
  6. Braga, J. (2023). Experiences of out-of-field teachers teaching English. Eric. Retrieved from https://zenodo.org/records/8427254 
  7. Canuto, P. P., Choycawen, M., & Pagdawan, R. (2024). The influence of teaching competencies on teachers' performance and students' academic achievement in primary science education. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 82(1), 80-94. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1418199.pdf   
  8. Caylao, F. (2015). My thoughts of out-of-field teaching. Scientific Research Publishing. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3045102
  9. Chi, C. (2024, August 30). 62% of high school teachers teaching outside their field, new report reveals. Philstar. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/08/30/2381647/62-high-school-teachers-teaching-outside-their-field-new-report-reveals 
  10. Co, A. G. E., Abella, C. R. G., & De Jesus, F. S. (2021). Teaching Outside Specialization from the Perspective of Science Teachers. Scientific Research Journal. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=111021#:~:text=Several%20factors%20brought%20teachers%20to,hiring%20requirements%2C%20and%20staffing%20management
  11. Cruz, C. E. (2024). The effectiveness of individual performance commitment review form as an evaluation tool to improve teachers’ performance: Basis for technical assistance. eJournals. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=22581#:~:text=A%20well%2Dstructured%20evaluation%20such,to%20their%20growth%20and%20effectiveness  
  12. Cruz, P. I., Salavaria, H., Camiling, M., Francisco, M. S., Livioco, A., & Santos, L. C. (2017). Effects of out-of-field teaching of science subjects in the learning process of selected grade 10 students of Malabon National High School. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/33735303/Effects_of_Out_of_Field_Teaching_of_Science_Subjects_in_the_Learning_Process_of_Selected_Grade_10_Students_of_Malabon_National_High_School 
  13. Cuevas, S. (2024). Challenges of Non-English Major Teachers in Teaching Senior High School English Subjects. E-Journals.ph. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=23945#:~:text=The%20study%20revealed%20that%20non,devices%2C%20(c)%20teaching%20writing 
  14. Department of Education. (2022). Enhanced contextualized technical assistance mechanism (CTAM) handbook (Regional Memorandum No. 1108, s. 2022). Department of Education, Region VIII. https://region8.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RM-s2022-1108.pdf 
  15. Domingo, P. (2020). Triumphs and struggles in teaching the English language. International Journal of Science and Education Studies(IJSES), 1(1), 59-79. https://ijses.net/index.php/ijses/article/view/9 
  16. Eden, C. (2024). Cultural competence in education: Strategies for fostering inclusivity and diversity awareness. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ChimaEden/publication/379042636_CULTURAL_COMPETENCE_IN_EDUCATION_STRATEGIES_FOR_FOSTERING_INCLUSIVITY_AND_DIVERSITY_AWARENESS/links/66db6d072390e50b2c700b6f/CULTURAL-COMPETENCE-IN-EDUCATION-STRATEGIES-FOR-FOSTERING-INCLUSIVITY-AND-DIVERSITY-AWARENESS.pdf  
  17. Etulle, G. H., Velez, R. P., Salandron, J. M. S., Bustillo, S. J. C., & Derasin, L. M. (2023). Speaking Anxiety of Non-English Major Teachers in an ESL School Setting: A Descriptive Correlational Study. International Journal of Science, Mathematics and Statistics, 6(4), 103. https://www.ijsmsjournal.org/2023/volume-6%20issue-4/ijsms-v6i4p103.pdf 
  18. Ferlazzo, L. (2025, February 13). The six most effective instructional Strategies for ELLs—According to Teachers (Opinion). Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-the-six-most-effective-instructional-strategies-for-ells-according-to-teachers/2021/06?utm_ 
  19. Heliyon. (2024). Teachers’ Perspectives on Effective English Language Teaching Practices at the Elementary Level: A Phenomenological Study. Heliyon. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11016971/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR12sZutqHSnDCddvUviepHrM-BagZosfczrO9QQkBR8fjuoRbqsGLrlNBI_aem_ODba5dj3UBeOfFlvTjAy4g  
  20. Hermosa, J., & Ampo, R. (2022). Non-specialized general education instructors' confidence and self-efficacy in teaching general education subjects. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364482579_Non-specialized_general_education_instructors'_confidence_and_self-efficacy_in_teaching_general_education_subjects  
  21. Hermoso, J. R., & Brobo, M. A. (2023). Influence of teaching competencies to performance:  Basis for professional development. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 44(4), 33-46. https://journalajess.com/index.php/AJESS/article/view/969 
  22. Hobbs, L., & Turner, G. (2019). Examining the phenomenon of “teaching out-of-field.” Semantics Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Examining-the-Phenomenon-of-%E2%80%9CTeaching-Out-of-field%E2%80%9D-Hobbs-T%C3%B6rner/7bba9514b6c3475f9d4b3de10c154c402cdc99f4 
  23. Hwang, N., & Kisida, B. (2021). Spread too thin: The effects of teacher specialization on student achievement (EdWorkingPaper No. 21-477). Annenberg Institute at Brown University. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED616725.pdf
  24. Imran, M., Almusharraf, N., Abdellatif, M. S., & Ghaffar, A. (2024). Teachers’ perspectives on effective English language teaching practices at the elementary level: A phenomenological study. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240584402405206X 
  25. Jalmaani, N. C. (2021). Square Peg in Round Hole: Stories of the Non-English Major Teachers Teaching English Subjects. International Journal of Research in Interdisciplinary Studies, 5(11), 234-241. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/234-241.pdf 
  26. Javar, J. M., & Ibojo, D. T. (2023). The level of motivation and teaching performance of English teachers: A descriptive-correlational study. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12(8). https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=22072 
  27. Kussainov, G. M., Akhelova, A. L., Syrbayeva, S., Zhumasheva, N. S., Zhumabekova, F. N., Shuakbayeva, R. S., Yessenova, A., & Zhubangalieva, G. G. (2021). Updating the subject literacy of the teacher as a necessity for improving his professional competence. Propósitos y Representaciones, 9(3), e1152. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1300152.pdf 
  28. Kraft, M. A., & Papay, J. P. (2020). The effect of teacher coaching on instruction and achievement: A meta-analysis of the causal evidence. ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1258678.pdf
  29. Lee, H., Chung, H. Q., Zhang, Y., Abedi, J., & Warschauer, M. (2020). The Effectiveness and Features of formative Assessment in US K-12 Education: a Systematic review. Applied Measurement in Education, 33(2), 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2020.1732383
  30. Lucero, J. G. (2018). Instructional competence of teachers: Basis for learning action cell sessions. International Journal of Novel Research in Education and Learning, 5(4), 5-8. https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/INSTRUCTIONAL%20COMPETENCE-1425.pdf
  31. Madkur, A. (2018). The non-English major lecturers speak English: The barriers encountered by adult learners. Research Gate. https://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/jefl/article/view/584 
  32. Mallillin, L. L., Alob, C. J., Catillo, R., Celso, E. J., Minglana, M. J., & Somjbilon, B. B. (2023). Instructional Skills And Competency Skills Theory In Modern Teaching. Semantics Scholar. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5840/116aa8ef8a21d5420f53fcd9a4af9a26b2c83.pdf 
  33. Mårtensson, K., & Håkansson, D. (2023). Teaching outside area of expertise: A barrier to or enabler of teachers' sense of competence. ResearchGate.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377079665_
  34. Mohamad, H. A. (2022). Mismatch of teachers' qualifications and subjects taught: Effects on students' national achievement test. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366713199
  35. Montessur, R. (2021). Coping with the challenges in teaching MAPEH subjects among non-specialized teachers of District 4 in Laguna. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(3), 1-8. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/81438829/219am_30.EPRA_20JOURNALS-7323-libre.pdf
  36. Mousavi, Y., Rajabi, P., & Khalaji, H. R. (2024). An exploratory study of the influence of CELTA/TESOL certification on non-native English teachers' practical teaching knowledge. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 68, 303–336. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1435992 
  37. Olufsen, M., Karlsen, S., Sæleset, J., & Thorvaldsen, S. (2021). The impact of specialised content courses on student teaching in a Norwegian teacher education programme. Education Inquiry, 13(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2021.1892908 
  38. Pamelasari, S. D., Wusqo, I. U., & Hardianti, R. D. (2024). Developing science instruction in English audiobook to train Indonesian prospective science teachers' teaching skills. MEXTESOL Journal, 48(2). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1435107 
  39. Perez, M. P. (2024, December 15). A tale of experience: Teaching non-specialized subjects. ISRG Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 7(5), 42-50. ISRG Publishers. https://isrgpublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ISRGJAHSS7542024.pdf  
  40. Porsch, R., & Whanbell, R. (2019). Out-of-field teaching affecting students and what can be done about it. Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Out-of-Field-Teaching-Affecting-Students-and-What-Porsch-Whannell/4471f65d4108753ea678ae8889de93729ad17b8a 
  41. Ramos, C. D., Catarata, M. N., & Inocian, R. B. (2019). Out-of-Field Social Studies Teaching through Sustainable Culture-Based Pedagogy: A Filipino Perspective. ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1239341 
  42. Romadhon, M. G. E., Dzulfikri, D., & Ubaidillah, M. F. (2024). Non-English Major Teachers' Experiences of Teaching English For Young Learners (TEYL): A Phenomenological Study. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380020477
  43. Roxas, R. (2022). Being out-of-field: A Phenomenological Research on the Lives of Teachers Teaching Non-Major. International Journal of Research in Science and Engineering, 11(14). https://consortiacademia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/v11i14/b017_ijrse_final.pdf 
  44. Sanchez, A. S. (2020). Teacher instructional competence and learners' performance in social  studies: Basis for enhancement program. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v42i1.807 
  45. Santos, R. P., & Santos, M. P. (2020). Instructional Practices Used by Secondary School Teachers in Improving the Skills in English Language. Philippine Journal of Education, 95(1), 45-67. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=21479
  46. Saygan, M. (2022). Knowledge-Based Competency of Non-Specialized P.E Teachers:Basis for Enrolling the Physical Education Subjects. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research, 3(6). http://ijeais.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/3/IJAMR220306.pdf  
  47. Tina, S., & Dela Cruz, J. (2020). Teaching outside science specialism: Plight of public-school science major teachers in Montevista district. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342184457_Teaching_Outside_Science_Specialism_Plight_of_Public-School_Science_Major_Teachers_in_Montevista_District
  48. Toro, V., Camacho-Minuche, G., Pinza-Tapia, E., & Paredes, F. (2019). The use of the communicative language teaching approach to improve students’ oral skills. Eric. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1200055.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwixpMzmnKmLAxXTslYBHSJtDncQFnoECBEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0HUpkjQnnjC2M2Q6cVMEDQ 
  49. UNESCO. (2024). What you need to know about UNESCO's new AI competency frameworks For students and teachers. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/what-you-need-know-about-unescos-new-ai-competency-frameworks-students-and-teachers 
  50. Van der Kleij, F. M. (2019). Comparison of teacher and student perceptions of formative assessment feedback practices and association with individual student characteristics. Learning and Instruction, 60, 34-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.10.001 
  51. Vergara, L., & Sublay, E. (2024). Teachers' challenges in research engagement: Basis for a proposed technical assistance plan. ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388141375_Teachers'_Challenges_in_Research_Engagement_Basis_for_a_Proposed_Technical_Assistance_Plan 
  52. Villano. (2024). Non-Specialized Teachers Handling Major Subjects. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(2), 203-215. https://www.ijams-bbp.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/5-IJAMS-MAY-2024-203-215.pdf
  53. Yumang, J. (2021). Bittersweet Moments in Teaching Non-Specialized Subjects Among Senior High School Teachers. Neliti. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/383186-none-ea224e83.pd
  54. Zaitun, Z., Novita, P., & Diana, A. (2024). Strengthening non-English teacher’s ability in using English as instructional language. Jurnal Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/ELIF/article/download/23910/10752