HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 27 no. 10 (2025)

The Relationship of Language Exposure and Language Competence among English Major Students: A Convergent Parallel Approach

Michael Awatin | Jonelson C. Escandallo

Discipline: English Language

 

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to identify the significant relationships between language exposure and language competence among English major students in a local college. Also, this aimed to explore the lived experiences, coping mechanism, and insight of the students related to their language exposure and language competence. This study used mixed method design, utilizing parallel convergent approach. The participants of the study were the mathematics education students from all year levels. For the quantitative part, it involved 214 students from all year levels and for the qualitative part, it involved 10 participants. Result revealed that the level of language exposure and language competence is high which means it is oftentimes manifested by the English major students. Meanwhile, for the qualitative results it revealed different experiences, coping mechanisms, and insight of the students relative to their exposure with the language and language competence. Similarly, mixed method analysis and data corroboration found that both quantitative and qualitative data are merging. The results showed that being exposed to the language greatly improves English major students' language skills, helping them use the language effectively and efficiently in real-life situations.



References:

  1. Abbott, J. (2018). Introduction: Assessing the social and political impact of the internet and new social media in Asia. J. Contemp. Asia 43, 579–590. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2013.785698.
  2. Afzal, N. (2019). A study on vocabulary-learning problems encountered by BA English majors at the university level of education. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume, 10.
  3. Aguelo, R.F. (2017). Enhancing Student’s Language Competencies through Collaborative Learning. Assumption College Thonburi.
  4. Al Arif, T. Z. Z. (2020). The use of social media for English language learning: An exploratory study of EFL university students. Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching.
  5. Alazamil, J. (2021). Listening Skills: Important but Difficult to Learn. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume 12. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no3.25.
  6. Amin, B., Rafiq, R., & Mehmood, N. (2020). The impact of social media in English language learning. Journal of Critical Reviews.
  7. Amin, M. R. (2018). Learning English Language in Home Environment: A Study. Anglo- American Journal.
  8. Anis, M., & Khan, R. (2023). Integrating Multimodal Approaches in English Language Teaching for Inclusive Education: A Pedagogical Exploration.
  9. Armea, A.P., Castro, M., Llamado, M, Lotino, R., San Esteban, A., & Ocampo, D. (2022). English Proficiency and Literary Competence of English Major Students: Predictor for Effective Language and Literature Teaching. Globus Journal of Progressive Education.
  10. Asher, J. (2015). Total physical response. Total Physical Response.
  11. Azzolini, D., Campregher, S., & Madia, J. E. (2022). Formal instruction vs informal exposure. What matters more for teenagers’ acquisition of English as a second language?. Research Papers in Education.
  12. Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Prentice Hall: Englewood cliffs.
  13. Benjamin, F.C., (2023). Influence of Classroom Environment on the Academic Performance of Students in English Language. Internation Journal of Advance Social Sciences and Education.
  14. Berkley-Tran, M. (2019). Effects of home language practices on academic achievement of simultaneous language learners (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Northridge).
  15. Bilgiç, İ. D. (2024). The impact of contextual, multimodal language input and child’s inhibitory control on the development of early literacy skills (Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University).
  16. Bushati, B., Kedia, G., Rotter, D., Christensen, A. P., Krammer, G., Corcoran, K., & Schmölzer-Eibinger, S. (2023). Friends as a language learning resource in multilingual primary school classrooms. Social Psychology of Education.
  17. Chen, M. (2022). The effect of social media on the development of students’ affective variables. frontiers.
  18. Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative research in corporate communication. Blogs Baruch Site. https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/.
  19. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Pearson/Merill Education.
  20. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Pearson/Merill Education.
  21. Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education, Incorporated.
  22. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Los Angeles, Calif: SAGE Publications.
  23. De Castro, D. M., & Bactasa, G. M. T. (2023). Linguistic Competence of Senior High School Students in Ormoc City.
  24. Dechant, A. (2018). Influence Of Friendship On Motivation and Academic Achievement. Fort Hays State University.
  25. DeKeyser, R. (2007). Skill Acquisition Theory. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction (pp. 97–113). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  26. DeKeyser, R. (2020). Skill acquisition theory. In Theories in second language acquisition (pp. 83-104). Routledge.
  27. Detwiler, J. D. (2022). A program evaluation on the benefits of language immersion education (Doctoral dissertation, Wingate University).
  28. Dewar, M. T., Cowan, N., & Della Sala, S. (2007). Forgetting due to retroactive interference: A fusion of Müller and Pilzecker's (1900) early insights into everyday  forgetting  and  recent  research  on  anterograde amnesia. Cortex, 43(5), 616-634.
  29. Elashhab, S. (2020). Exploring vocabulary learning strategies of Saudi female university students: Perspectives and use. International Journal of Language and Linguistics.
  30. Erbil, D. G. (2020). A review of flipped classroom and cooperative learning method within the context of Vygotsky theory. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 539791.
  31. Galiza, C. (2022). Reading Competency and Academic Performance of Students. Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, Vol. 13(1). 94–100. DOI: 10.47750/jett.2022.13.01.011.
  32. Ghambir, B.C. (2020). Challenges Faced by Bachelor Level Students While Speaking English. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v6i1.853.
  33. Ghavifekr, S. (2020). COLLABORATIVE LEARNING: A KEY TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’SOCIAL  INTERACTION  SKILLS. MOJES:  Malaysian  Online
  34. Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(4), 9-21.
  35. Gibbs, T. (2021). All About Language Comprehension: What It Is and How It Can Help Your Child Read. NWEA. Teach, Learn, Grow. The education blog.
  36. Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International journal of qualitative.
  37. Guo, Y., Wang, Y., & Ortega-Martín, J. L. (2023). The impact of blended learning- based scaffolding techniques on learners’ self-efficacy and willingness to communicate. Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras.
  38. Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Clark, V. L. P., Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of counseling   psychology,   52(2),   224.   https://doi.org/10.1037/0022
  39. Harlow, S., Cummings, R., & Aberasturi, S. M. (2007, March). Karl Popper and Jean Piaget: A rationale for constructivism. In The Educational Forum (Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 41-48). Taylor & Francis Group.
  40. Howard, C. (2019). Learning in friendship groups: developing students’ conceptual understanding through social interaction. Frontiers. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles.
  41. Howard, C. (2019). Learning in friendship groups: developing students’ conceptual understanding through social interaction. frontiers.
  42. Hussain, S. (2018). The Impact of Peer Groups On the Academic Achievements Of Secondary School Students. Journal of American. Pakistan Journal of Distance & Online Learning. Retrieved from http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
  43. Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. sociolinguistics, 269293, 269-293.
  44. Jabur, Z. M. (2019). The impact of out-of-class friends' interaction on second language writing. Theory and Practice in Language Studies.
  45. Johnson, M. T., Troy, A. H., Tate, K. M., Allen, T. T., Tate, A. M., & Chapman, S. B. (2021, May). Improving classroom communication: The effects of virtual social training on communication and assertion skills in middle school students. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 6, p. 678640). Frontiers Media SA.
  46. Kadamovna, S.N. (2021). The Importance of Speaking Skills for Efl Learners. International Journal of Innovations In Engineering Research And Technology (LJIERT) Vol. 8.
  47. Khan, F. N. (2020). Relationship between Students’ Home Environment and their Academic Achievement. Pakistan Journal of Distance & Online Learning.
  48. Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press.
  49. Kramprah, S.O. (2022). Impact Of Extensive Reading on English Language Competence: A Case Study of Jukwaa Senior High School. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2022 Vol. 7, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 30-35.
  50. Krashen, S. (1989). We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for the input hypothesis. Modern Language Journal.
  51. Lamb, M. (2019). The impact of school on EFL learning motivation: An Indonesian case study. Tesol Quarterly.
  52. Larivière‐Bastien, D., Aubuchon, O., Blondin, A., Dupont, D., Libenstein, J., Séguin, F.,... & Beauchamp, M. H. (2022). Children's perspectives on friendships and socialization during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative approach. Child: Care, Health and Development, 48(6), 1017-1030.
  53. Lashari, A. A., Rizvi, Y., Abbasi, F. N., Kurd, S. A., Solangi, M. A., & Golo, M. A. (2023). Analyzing the impacts of social media use on learning English language. Al- Qanṭara, 9(4), 133-146.
  54. Lodhi, M. A., Sahar, A. H., Qayyum, N., Iqbal, S., & Shareef, H. (2019). Relationship of school environment and English language learning at government schools. Public Administration Research, 8(1), 1-13.
  55. Maba, W. (2022). Speaking Competence of University Students. International Journal of Social Science (IJSS)Vol.2 Issue.3 October 2022, pp: 1779-1782. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i3.
  56. Mantra, I.B.N, Handayani, N.D, Suwandi, I.N. (2019). Quantum Learning as A Natural Way to Improve Student’s Language Competence. International Journal of Applied Science and Sustainable Development (IJASSD).
  57. Mara, R. R., & Mohamad, M. (2021). The use of authentic materials in teaching reading to secondary school students in Malaysia: A literature review. Creative Education.
  58. Martinez, J.M. (2020). Understanding and Supporting Literacy Development Among English Learners: A Deep Dive into the Role of Language Comprehension Sagepub.com/journals-permissions.  Vol.  6,  No.      1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858420912198.
  59. Muftah, M. (2022). Impact of social media on learning English language during the COVID-19 pandemic. PSU Research Review.
  60. Muñoz, C., & Cadierno, T. (2021). How do differences in exposure affect English language learning? A comparison of teenagers in two learning environments. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 11(2), 185-212.
  61. Nyarko, K., Kugbey, N., Kofi, C. C., Cole, Y. A., & Adentwi, K. I. (2019). English reading proficiency and academic performance among lower primary school children in Ghana. Sage Open, 8(3), 2158244018797019.
  62. Pachina, E. (2020). Common Problems for English Learners in the Philippines.
  63. International TEFL and TESOL training.
  64. Peters, E. (2018). The effect of out-of-class exposure to English language media on learners’ vocabulary knowledge. ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 169(1), 142-168.
  65. Phillips Galloway, E., & Uccelli, P. (2020). Examining developmental relations between core academic language skills and reading comprehension for English learners and their peers. Journal of Educational Psychology. (Moodle): effects on students’ language acquisition and attitudes towards learning English as a Foreign Language. Trends in Higher Education, 3(2), 260-272.
  66. Ramirez, J. M., Ilustre, J., & Espiritu, R. (2022). The Impact of Different Class Activities On Knowledge, Attitude, And Practices Related To Contextualized Communication (Fil101) Among General Education Students. Luz y Saber, 15(2), 1-1.
  67. Rao, P.R. (2019). The Importance of Speaking Skills in English Classrooms. Alford Council of Interantional English & Literature Journal (ACIELJ). Vol-2.
  68. Ratmanida, S.F. (2020). Student’s Linguistics Problem in Reading Comprehension. Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 539.
  69. Rowe, M. L., & Weisleder, A. (2020). Language development in context. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2, 201-223.
  70. Salamanti, E., Park, D., Ali, N., & Brown, S. (2023). The Efficacy of Collaborative and Multimodal Learning Strategies in Enhancing English Language Proficiency Among ESL/EFL Learners: A Quantitative Analysis. Research Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning.
  71. Sanchez, R., & Sarmiento, P. J. (2020). Learning together hand-in-hand: An assessment of students’ immersion program in a schools division. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 9(1), 85-97.
  72. Saxer, K., Schnell, J., Mori, J., & Hascher, T. (2024). The role of teacher–student relationships and student–student relationships for secondary school students’ well-being in Switzerland. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 6, 100318.
  73. Serrano, D. R., Dea‐Ayuela, M. A., Gonzalez‐Burgos, E., Serrano‐Gil, A., & Lalatsa, A. (2021). Technology‐enhanced learning in higher education: How to enhance student engagement through blended learning. European Journal of Education, 54(2), 273-286.
  74. Sluv, T. (2020). Learning Environment in School. MED.edu. Retrieved from https://www2.education.uiowa.edu/html/LearningEnvironment/learning_enviro nment.htm.
  75. Smith, L. (2018). Home learning environment. Education Scotland. Retrieved from https://education.gov.scot/parentzone/learning-at-home/home-learning environment.
  76. Sosas, R.V. (2021). Technology in teaching speaking and its effects to students learning English. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(2), 958-970. Doi: 10.52462/jlls.66.
  77. Sudarmo, S. (2021). The Importance of Speaking in English as A Foreign Language Between Skillful and Thoughtful Competencies: Studying Sociolinguistics Perspectives. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.37028/lingcure.v5nS1.1321.
  78. Umirov, S. (2023). Exploring the Impact of Social Media on Language. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368755494_EXPLORING_THE_IM PACT_OF_SOCIAL_MEDIA_ON_LANGUAGE.
  79. Usman, Y. (2019). Evaluation of the Effect of Learning Environment on Student’s Academic Performance in Nigeria. Evaluation of the Effect of Learning Environment on Student’s Academic Performance in Nigeria.
  80. Van Der Kleij, F., & Adie, L. (2020). Towards effective feedback: An investigation of teachers’ and students’ perceptions of oral feedback in classroom practice. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 27(3), 252- 270.
  81. Vattøy, K. D. (2020). Teachers’ beliefs about feedback practice as related to student self-regulation, self-efficacy, and language skills in teaching English as a foreign language. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 64, 100828.
  82. Vygotsky, L. (2011). Interaction between learning and development (pp. 79-91). Linköpings universitet.
  83. Vygotsky, L. (2018). Lev Vygotsky. La psicología en la Revolución Rusa. Colombia: Ediciones desde abajo.
  84. Xiao, M., Tian, Z., & Xu, W. (2023). Impact of teacher-student interaction on students’ classroom well-being under online education environment. Education and information technologies, 28(11), 14669-14691.
  85. Yıldız, Y., & Tutkun, Ö. F. (2021). Communication Problems Affecting the Lives of High School 12th Grade Students. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 6(Special Issue (December 2021)), 477-485.
  86. Zeng, X. (2018). A Study on the Improvement of English Writing Competence for College Students. Foreign Language School, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 1344-1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0906.25.