Home⇛JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research Journal⇛vol. 64 no. 2 (2026)

Core Literacy and Resilience as Predictors of Effectiveness Among Physical Education Teachers in North Cotabato

Alaizah B. Macapasir

Discipline: Teacher Training

 

Abstract:

The study examined the significance of core literacy and resilience in influencing teacher effectiveness among physical education teachers in North Cotabato, Philippines. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents in this study. Respondents were PE teachers from public and private higher education institutions across the province. The results show that the levels of core literacy, resilience, and teacher effectiveness were all rated very high. Pearson correlations indicate significant, positive, moderate relationships between core literacy and teacher effectiveness, and between resilience and teacher effectiveness. Multiple regression indicated that, taken alone, core literacy was not a significant predictor of teacher effectiveness, while resilience was a significant positive predictor. These significant findings suggest that strengthening resilience may provide more immediate gains in classroom effectiveness for PE teachers, while maintaining high core literacy remains important for daily practice.



References:

  1. Abubakar, A. M., Tengku Ariffin, T. F., & Md Jaafar, F. (2022). Teacher resilience instrument: Development and validation of a four-factor model. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education. https://tinyurl.com/ypak5t25 
  2. Alave, A. (2022). Stress, job satisfaction, resilience, and teaching performance of high school mathematics teachers in the new normal (Doctoral dissertation, West Visayas State University). https://repository.wvsu.edu.ph/handle/20.500.14353/378
  3. Alnahdi, G. H., & Schwab, S. (2023). The impact of gender differences in teachers’ teaching practices and attitudes on students’ math and science achievement in Saudi Arabia: Evidence  from  TIMSS  2019  data. Frontiers  in  Psychology, 14,  1066843. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066843
  4. Atencio, M., Jess, M., & Dewar, K. (2012). ‘It is a case of changing your thought processes, the way you actually teach’: Implementing a complex professional learning agenda in Scottish physical education. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 17(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2011.565469
  5. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  6. Bandura, A. (1995). On rectifying conceptual ecumenism. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (pp. 347-375). New York, NY: Plenum.
  7. Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology and Health, 13, 623-649.
  8. Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education and Behavior, 31, 143-164.
  9. Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In F. Pajares & T. C. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307-337). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
  10. Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1, pp. 141-154). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice hall.
  11. Bardach, L., & Klassen, R. M. (2020). Smart teachers, successful students? A systematic review of the literature on teachers’ cognitive abilities and teacher effectiveness. Educational                                                             Research                  Review, 30,                  100312. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/teacher-effectiveness
  12. Borgobello, A., Pierella, M. P., & Pozzo, M. I. (2019). Using questionnaires in research on universities: analysis of experiences from a situated perspective. REIRE Revista d'Innovació i Recerca en Educació, 12(2), 1-16.
  13. Cheng, Y. C., & Tsui, K. T. (1999). Multimodels of teacher effectiveness: Implications for research. The    Journal    of    Educational    Research, 92(3),    141-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220679909597589
  14. Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., & Saez, E. (2014). Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States. The quarterly journal of economics, 129(4), 1553-1623. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju022
  15. Collie, R. J., & Perry, N. E. (2019). Cultivating teacher thriving through social–emotional competence and its development. The Australian Educational Researcher, 46(4), 699-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00342-2 
  16. Commission on Higher Education. (2017). Policies, standards, and guidelines for Bachelor of Physical Education (BPEd). (CMO. 80, s. 2017). https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CMO-No.-80-s.-2017.pdf.
  17. Darling-Hammond, L., & Snyder, J. (2000). Authentic assessment of teaching in context. Teaching                           and             teacher             education, 16(5-6),             523-545.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00015-9
  18. Dash, S., & Sahoo, K. (2026). Evaluating In-Service Education: Teacher Effectiveness and Attitude Changes among Odisha Elementary Teachers. Journal of Digital Learning and Distance Education, 4(8), 1823-1834. https://doi.org/10.56778/jdlde.v4i8.632
  19. Dash, U., & Barman, P. (2016). Teaching effectiveness of secondary school teachers in the district of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(7), 50-63. https://tinyurl.com/yhhuffb7
  20. Dokko, G., Wilk, S. L., & Rothbard, N. P. (2009). Unpacking prior experience: How career history   affects   job   performance. Organization   science, 20(1),   51-68. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0357
  21. Dragon, G. G., & Ceraos, J. (2025). Job Satisfaction, Burnout, and Core Literacy of Physical Education Teachers in Secondary Schools. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 43(5), 1-1. https://www.ejournals.ph/article.php?id=30303
  22. Ganimian, A. J., & Djaker, S. (2022). How can developing countries address heterogeneity in students’ preparation for school? A review of the challenge and potential solutions. Unpublished manuscript. Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University. New York, NY. https://tinyurl.com/mvsyu54y
  23. Glewwe, P., Shen, R., Sun, B., & Wisniewski, S. (2020). Teachers in developing countries. The Economics of Education, 371-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815391-8.00027-6
  24. Goe, L. (2007). The link between teacher quality and student outcomes: A research synthesis. National                           comprehensive          center          for          teacher          quality. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521219
  25. Graham, L. J., White, S. L., Cologon, K., & Pianta, R. C. (2020). Do teachers’ years of experience make a difference in the quality of teaching?. Teaching and teacher education, 96, 103190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103190
  26. Grant, C., & Gibson, M. (2011). Diversity and teacher education. Studying diversity in teacher education, 19-62.
  27. Güneyli, A., & Aslan, C. (2009). Evaluation of Turkish prospective teachers’ attitudes towards teaching profession (Near East University case). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.059
  28. Habib, R. B. (2017). Students teaching students: An action research project incorporating active learning at language classroom. Journal of Education and Human Development, 6(2), 182-199. https://tinyurl.com/4pp953k9
  29. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of educational research, 77(1), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487 
  30. Husain, M. Z., Hasan, A., Wahab, N. B. A., & Jantan, J. (2015). Determining teaching effectiveness for physical education teacher. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.426
  31. Kyrgiridis, P., Derri, V., Emmanouilidou, K., Chlapoutaki, E., & Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2014). Development of a questionnaire for self-evaluation of teacher effectiveness in physical education (SETEQ-PE). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 18(2), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2013.866557
  32. Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Practical research. Pearson Education UK.
  33. Li, S. (2023). The effect of teacher self-efficacy, teacher resilience, and emotion regulation on teacher burnout: A mediation model. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1185079. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1185079
  34. Masbaño, N. L. (2016). Linking Academic Achievement and Nutritional Status of Secondary School Students. Journal of Asian Regional Association for Home Economics, 23(2). https://tinyurl.com/4dxy8kn9
  35. Nadeem, M. A., Aslam, R. N., Sarwar, S., Habib, M. B., & Shafique, O. (2020). Assessing Effects of Learning through Observation, on Teacher's Attitude towards Socially Active Teaching. Paradigms, 14(1), 250-256. https://tinyurl.com/5dc9cdk5
  36. Osiesi, M. P., Ayanwale, M. A., Akomolafe, O. D., Olayiwola-Adedoja, T. O., Olatunbosun, S. O., & Ariyo, S. O. (2024). Transforming classrooms: How professional development and teacher attitudes drive primary school teaching effectiveness. Social sciences & humanities open, 10, 101099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101099
  37. Osiesi, M. P., Fajobi, O. O., Oke, C. C., & Aruleba, A. L. (2022). Gender's Impact on Teachers' Perceived Training, Societal Status, and Remuneration in Ekiti State Secondary Schools,                          Nigeria. Gender            and             Behaviour, 20(2),            19525-19532. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-genbeh_v20_n2_a27
  38. Pagani, L., & Seghieri, C. (2002). A statistical analysis of teaching effectiveness from students’ point of view. METODOLOSKI ZVEZKI. https://tinyurl.com/5cwphvam
  39. Popova, A. (2021). Measuring the quality of teaching and teacher training in low-income settings. Stanford University. https://tinyurl.com/5n6pazv3
  40. Qian, H., Zhao, X., Lei, A., & Yu, T. (2024). A Study of gamification design and student motivational stimulation in physical education instruction. Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing, 123. https://tinyurl.com/bdf6rtcx
  41. Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E. A., & Kain, J. F. (2005). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. econometrica, 73(2),                                  417-458.           https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00584.x
  42. Rockoff, J. E. (2004). The impact of individual teachers on student achievement: Evidence from                  panel          data. American          economic          review, 94(2),   247-252. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0002828041302244
  43. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2024). Self-determination theory. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 6229-6235). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  44. Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2016). Self-efficacy theory in education. In Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 34-54). Routledge. https://tinyurl.com/yavbujya
  45. Stringer, M., & Irwing, P. (1998). Students' evaluations of teaching effectiveness: A structural modelling approach. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(3), 409-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1998.tb01301.x
  46. Stronge, J. H. (2018). Qualities of effective teachers. Ascd. https://tinyurl.com/3t6vnfj7
  47. Tweed, R. G., Mah, E. Y., & Conway III, L. G. (2021). Bringing coherence to positive psychology: Faith in humanity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(3), 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1725605
  48. Ushioda, E., & Dörnyei, Z. (2021). Teaching and researching motivation. Routledge.
  49. Vanden Berk, E. J. (2005). Improving the evaluation of students through teacher training: An investigation of the utility of The student evaluation standards. The University of Iowa. https://tinyurl.com/33z8adhn
  50. Whittle, R., & MacPhail, A. (2020). The PE school curriculum challenge: The shared construction, implementation and enactment of school physical education curriculum. In School physical education and teacher education (pp. 103-115). Routledge. https://tinyurl.com/yt3hr64n
  51. Wiggins, G. (2011). A true test: Toward more authentic and equitable assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(7), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172171109200721
  52. Zeng, X., Da, Y., & Luo, L. (2022). Validity evaluation of teacher’s core literacy questionnaire of public physical education. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 876206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.876206
  53. Zickafoose, A., Ilesanmi, O., Diaz-Manrique, M., Adeyemi, A. E., Walumbe, B., Strong, R., Wingenbach, G., Rodriguez, M. T., & Dooley, K. (2024). Barriers and Challenges Affecting Quality Education (Sustainable Development Goal #4) in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030. Sustainability, 16(7), 2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072657

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic